英语同源宾语及其修辞功能

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梁成功

洛阳师范学院外国语学院 河南省洛阳市 471934

摘要

英语中有些动词常做不及物动词用,其后可以跟一个同源名词充当宾语,这样的宾语称为同源宾语。同源宾语在英语中的应用十分广泛,它形式简练,生动形象,具有很强的语言表现力和极佳的修辞效果。


关键词

动词;同源宾语;修辞功能

正文


英语中有些动词常做不及物动词用,其后可以跟一个同源名词充当宾语,这样的宾语称为同源宾语。同源宾语在英语中的应用十分广泛,它形式简练,生动形象,具有很强的语言表现力和极佳的修辞效果。

同源宾语的形式

1. 动词+名词。此类同源宾语结构中,名词前面常有定语

1“定语+同源宾语”表示动作的方式

He could sleep the peaceful sleep of the young. (sleep the peaceful sleep=sleep peacefully)

他可以睡得像年轻人那样平静。

The Chinese people are living a happy life today. (are living a happy life=are living happily)

现在中国人正过着幸福的生活。

She laughed a hearty laugh when she heard that her son was admitted to a top university. (laughed a hearty laugh=laughed heartily)

听到儿子考上名牌大学的消息,她开心地笑了。

Hearing the news, she sighed a deep sigh of relief. (signed a deep sign=signed deeply)

听了这个消息,她宽慰地、深深地舒了口气

In the past, dogs often went “mad” and bit people, and the people died a painful death from the bite. (died a painful death=died painfully)

过去,狗经常发疯去咬人,被咬的人就会因为咬伤而痛苦地死去。

2)同源宾语表示动作的对象

She closed her eyes and wished a wish.

她闭上眼睛许了一个愿。

He said his say and then sat down.

他说完他的话然后坐下。

I don’t know the name of the birds that are singing such a merry song. 

我不知道这些正唱着如此美妙歌曲的鸟叫什么。

2. 动词+意义上与该动词相近的名词

1)同源宾语表示动作的方式

It rained cats and dogs yesterday and she didn’t sleep a wink all night. (she didn’t sleep a wink=she didn’t sleep at all )

昨天大雨倾盆,她一夜没有合眼。

The teacher should encourage students to think their own thoughts. (to think their own thoughts=to think in their own ways)

老师应该鼓励学生独立思考。

The lost necklace struck a heavy blow at Mr. and Mrs. Loisel. (struck a heavy blow at Mr. and Mrs. Loisel=struck Mr. and Mrs. Loisel heavily)

项链的丢失鲁瓦泽夫妇以沉重打击。

The lady shouted a loud cry when she saw a crocodile in the river. (shouted a loud cry=shouted loudly)

当看到河中有条鳄鱼时,那位女士大声喊叫起来。

2)同源宾语表示动作的结果

The dog sniffed an unusual smell nearby. (The dog sniffed an unusual smell nearby. =The dog sniffed and discovered an unusual smell nearby.)

这条狗嗅出附近有一种不正常的气味。

She smiled a look of gratitude at the chivalrous young man. (She smiled a look of gratitude=She smiled to show her gratitude)

向那侠义的年轻人微微一笑,表达她的谢意。

The wind was blowing a gale and everyone had to stay indoors. (The wind was blowing a gale= The wind was blowing and it was a gale)

当时正在刮大风,所有人只得待在室内。

He looked round and saw nothing but a crow winging its solitary flight across the mountain. (winging its solitary flight=winging its wings and flying solitarily)

环顾四周,什么也没看见,只有一只寒鸦孤单地飞过山头。

3. 同源宾语带有of短语作后置定语时,该宾语连同介词of通常省去

The beautiful girl giggled (a giggle of) her approval. (The beautiful girl gave her approval by giggling)

这位漂亮姑娘咯咯地笑,表示同意。

She frowned (a frown of) her dissatisfaction. (= She expressed her dissatisfaction with a frown.)

她皱皱眉表示不满意。

She coughed me (a cough of) her a warning. (She warned me with a cough.)

她用咳嗽声来提醒我。

They whistled (a whistle of) their protest. (They voiced their protest by whistling.)

他们打着口哨表示抗议。

She glanced me (a glance of) her love. (She showed me her love by casting me a glance.)

她用眼睛表示了对我的爱。

After hearing the young woman’s tale, Liszet nodded (the nod of) his sympathy. (After hearing the young woman’s tale, Liszet expressed his sympathy by nodding his head.)

听了女青年的叙述,李斯特点头表示同情。

上述例句中,谓语动词通常表达某种肢体动作,宾语则是该动作传递的某种信息。主语执行谓语动词的动作,以该种方式传递宾语所表示的情感或态度。

4. 动词+物主代词+形容词最高级,形容词最高级之后省去同源宾语

During the football match, the fans all shouted their loudest (shout).

足球比赛时,球迷们都大声喊叫。

The children sang their sweetest (song) at the get-together last night.

在昨晚的联欢会上,孩子们唱了最动听的歌。

Lucy’s aunt stitched her best (stitch) and her hardest (stitch).

露西的姑母以最好的手艺缝制出最难缝制的衣服。

A group of boys and girls are shouting their loudest (shout).

一群男孩和女孩正在大喊大叫。

The cock, much flattered at this praise, began to crow his best.

公鸡听到赞扬以后,得意洋洋,开始发出它的最好听的啼声。

He is trying his best (try) to marry the pretty girl.

他在尽最大努力和那位漂亮的女孩结婚。

The thief ran his fastest (run) at the sight of a policeman. 

小偷一看见警察就飞速跑去。

有时也会first, last表示最高级意义的词:

Look your last (look) on the scarlet letter and its wearer.

你最后看一看那个红字和佩带它的人。

He has tried his first (try).

他已试过头一次。

、同源宾语的修辞功能

1. 简洁明快,言简意赅

Samuel whistled a low meditative whistle of satisfaction.

塞缪尔若有所思地低声吹着口哨,流露出他的满意心情。

同源宾语结构言简意赅,简洁地表达出了塞缪尔若有所思又心满意足的心情。

She left the room, looking daggers at me.

狠狠地盯了我一眼,然后离开了房间。

同源宾语 “daggers” 用作比喻,以表现她的愤怒之情,简洁生动地再现了她当时极其愤怒的神态。

She sniffed a smell of a lily. (She sniffed and she discovered a smell of a lily.)

她闻到了百合香味。    

The wind is blowing a gale. (The wind is blowing and it is a gale.) 

正刮着大风。

    上述两个例句中,同源宾语结构其实两个分句紧缩在一起,这样的表达简洁明快结构简练修辞效果明显。

2. 生动形象准确传神

Instead, he just grinned from ear to ear, and began to sputter his appreciation.

相反地,他只是露出满脸的笑容,并且满口不停地起谢来。

sputter his appreciation” 生动再现他喋喋不休地道谢时的神态,寥寥数语便使人物形象跃然纸上。

As Mr. Pickwick said this, he looked encyclopedias at Mr. Peter Magnus.

匹克威克先生说这话时,那双看着彼得·马哥纳斯先生的眼睛,表达了百科全书那么丰富的内容。

encyclopedias” 用作同源宾语,准确、传神地表达了匹克威克先生眼神里丰富微妙的意味,简洁生动,让人产生无限的联想,具有极强的表现力。

Henry gazed into the ashpit, and smiled volumes of ironical knowledge.

亨利凝视着灰坑,脸上露出意味深长的、深知内情的嘲讽笑容。

    同源宾语结构的使用,生动地揭示出亨利此时此刻内心的思想,表意丰富而又言简意赅

 

参考文献

人骐,英语转换修辞句法,北京师范大学出版社,1985.

汤丽英,英语中的同源宾语现象,英语知识, 2007年第7.

闫跃, 同源宾语的三大类型与七项注意,新世纪智能, 2018年第23.

文庭,英语强语势,商务印书馆,1985.

 

 


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